How to turn an old laptop into a Chromebook
Sometimes, a Chromebook beats a Windows laptop. Complexity often makes life harder for users easily confused by computers—and the people who provide them IT support. A Chromebook’s simplified interface does away with driver management, endless system updates, and even malware avoidance.
More importantly, Chromebooks run a lightweight operating system that feels fast and responsive on older and budget hardware, making them far more affordable. In fact, you can create your own Chromebook for free if you have an older laptop lying around. You just have to install a variant of ChromeOS on it.
The process takes less than an hour, and the end result often feels snappier than today’s dirt-cheap Chromebooks. Here’s how to do the conversion.
Update (Sep 2022): Google has officially launched ChromeOS Flex, which builds upon and supercedes CloudReady. Existing CloudReady installations will automatically be upgraded to ChromeOS Flex—you don’t need to manually install. The project below now reflects that change.
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How to convert a laptop into a Chromebook
For this project, we’ll be using ChromeOS Flex. This variant of ChromeOS is the evolved version of Neverware’s CloudReady operating system, and is based on Chromium OS—the same open-source code that Google built ChromeOS on. (Google purchased Neverware back in December 2020.) You can read more about the basic differences between the two if you’re curious, but all you need to know is that ChromeOS Flex is nearly identical to ChromeOS.
The one key feature missing is support for Android apps, despite Google’s ownership of Neverware. So if that’s integral to your needs, you’ll have to buy an official Chromebook. Otherwise you’re good to go.
Step 1: Check that your laptop will meet the requirements
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Like standard ChromeOS, ChromeOS Flex’s system requirements are fairly minimal, though they have become more stringent compared to before. The laptop must have 4GB RAM (up from 2GB), 16GB storage, an Intel or AMD x86 64-bit processor, full BIOS access, and ideally been manufactured after 2010 (previously 2007). You will still need to check your CPU model, though, as processors with Intel Graphics Media Accelerator (GMA) 500, 600, 3600, or 3650 graphics hardware don’t meet ChromeOS Flex’s performance standards. (In other words, Atom processors from the Silverthorne, Lincroft, and Cedarview families, which were found in low-end laptops between 2008 and early 2012.)
Your best-case scenario is to find your laptop on Google’s list of certified devices. (Sadly, unlike Neverware’s documentation, the list no longer clearly spells out support for features like a webcam or touchscreen.) We lucked out that our test model, a 2014 Lenovo ThinkPad X240, had full feature support across the board.
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Note: On the compatibility list, you’ll see desktop systems like iMacs and NUCs listed as well—so if you have a spare monitor, mouse, and keyboard, you can instead spin up a Chromebox. Systems running integrated graphics work best.
If your laptop meets the hardware requirements but isn’t on the certified devices list, don’t worry. You can try out ChromeOS Flex from the flash drive you’ll create next, which will allow you to test out how well it works without having to nuke your system.
FRIENDLY REMINDER: Before you begin installing ChromeOS Flex, back up any files within your existing OS! The process is the same as a clean install of Windows, Linux, or MacOS and will completely wipe your drive.
Step 2: Prepare the flash drive for installation
To install ChromeOS Flex, you’ll need an 8GB USB drive (at minimum) and a PC, Mac, or Chromebook to create the installation media. The process takes about 20 minutes.
ChromeOS Flex relies on the Chrome browser and Chrome Recovery Utility extension to create USB installation media. Download and install the Chrome Recovery Utility extension, then verify that the extension is turned on. (Click on the jigsaw puzzle icon next to the address bar, then the three-dot icon next to the extension’s name, then Manage extension.)
Next, click on the extension’s icon to begin. If it isn’t visible, click on the jigsaw puzzle icon and then the pushpin icon next to the extension’s name.
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Begin the creation process by choosing “Select a model from the list,” then choose Google ChromeOS Flex for the manufacturer and ChromeOS Flex for the model. Proceed with the installation process. The tool will take about 15 minutes to download and write the needed files to your USB drive.
Step 3: Boot to flash drive
In order to boot to your newly created flash drive, you must bypass your laptop’s automatic boot order, which usually defaults to the primary storage drive. You’ll do this by hitting a key on your keyboard when your PC first powers up, similar to entering the BIOS. Search online for how to access the boot priority menu for your particular laptop, since it’s not universal. For example, our Lenovo ThinkPad X240 required mashing F12 right at startup, while for our HP Spectre x360, it was F9. Google even provides a list of boot keys for major laptop makers.
An alternative method is to enter your laptop’s BIOS (again, you will need to search for which key to press when powering on your laptop) and rearrange the automatic boot order, then undo that change after your ChromeOS Flex install.
In either case, you should be able to choose the USB drive as your boot device. A black screen with the ChromeOS logo will appear shortly thereafter.
Tip: Did you end up in your laptop’s default operating system after booting, despite repeated button mashing? You likely waited too long to start pressing the key, or you aren’t pressing the right combination of keys. (Example: Function keys may require also holding the Fn key—or not.)
Step 4: Install ChromeOS Flex
When the welcome screen appears, you can take one of two routes: Immediately wipe your laptop’s drive and install ChromeOS Flex, or configure ChromeOS Flex on the flash drive. Choose the latter if you’d like to test drive ChromeOS Flex for short while—doing so allows you to try out ChromeOS without any destructive changes to your system.
Note: Google does not recommend running ChromeOS Flex indefinitely from a USB drive due to performance and storage limitations, as well as a lack of OS updates.
Option 1: Installation
After booting to the flash drive, wait for the welcome screen to appear, then click on the Get started button. In the next screen that appears, choose Install ChromeOS Flex.
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Confirm you’ve backed up your data, and then proceed with the hard drive wipe and ChromeOS Flex installation. The process will last between 5 and 20 minutes, depending on the speed of your flash drive and the size of your laptop’s hard drive.
Upon completion, your laptop will shut down. Remove the USB drive, then power the system back on (and undo any changes to your BIOS’s automatic boot order, if applicable). You’ll see a welcome screen once again, now running from your laptop. Click on the Get started button to begin setup.
As you go through the setup process, be alert for checkboxes that grant permission to share your usage and device data with Google. These are automatically set to allow sharing, so be sure to uncheck the boxes if you prefer for that info to stay private.
Option 2: Try out ChromeOS Flex from the flash drive
When the welcome screen appears, click on the Get started button to begin setup. After passing through configuration screens for Wi-Fi, account type, and Google account login, you’ll reach the desktop. For even faster setup, you can skip the Google account login and browse as a guest instead.
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You can later install ChromeOS Flex locally by clicking on the lower-right hand of the screen (where the time is), and then logging out of your account or exiting as a guest. In the screen that then appears, look along the bottom of the screen for the Install ChromeOS Flex button. After completion, your laptop will shut down. Remove the USB drive, then power the system back on (and undo any changes to your BIOS’s automatic boot order, if applicable). You’ll see the welcome screen once again, now running from your laptop; begin setup by clicking on the Get started button.
Step 5: Log into your Google Account
If you installed ChromeOS Flex to the laptop’s storage drive, you now only need connect to the internet (either via Wi-Fi or ethernet) and log into your Google account. You’ll then reach the desktop and a welcome message—close it to start using your DIY Chromebook. You’re all set to go!
How well does it run?
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For this article, we used a 2013 Lenovo ThinkPad X240, borrowed from our IT department’s stash of decommissioned laptops. This 12.5-inch touchscreen laptop is long in the tooth by today’s standards, mostly due to a spinning-platter hard disk drive—when working within Windows 8.1, the system felt sluggish even during basic use.
But our X240’s Intel Core i5-4300U processor, 8GB RAM, and 500GB hard drive absolutely crushes today’s budget Chromebooks. It hangs pretty well with mid-range models, too, despite its 1366×768 resolution display. When we tried ChromeOS Flex off the flash drive, the touchscreen worked immediately and the system ran buttery smooth; even when installed on the hard disk drive, ChromeOS Flex had a much faster response time than Windows 8.1. Normally in an older laptop, I’d swap in an SSD to prolong its life, but I found I could use ChromeOS Flex on the X240’s existing hardware without yearning for that upgrade.
Standby battery life also improved, allowing us to go from a day of use between charges in Win 8.1 to a couple of days in ChromeOS Flex.
If you don’t have an old laptop
Try hunting for gently used notebooks among reliable friends or family. Local universities sometimes also have surplus departments, which offload older computer equipment by selling it to the public. On occasion, you can find good refurbished computers through Amazon WarehouseRemove non-product link or Woot, too.
Final tips
- If your older laptop has low-end hardware (or very old hardware) paired with a hard-disk drive, you’ll get better performance by swapping in an SSD. Find out the height of your existing hard drive before buying to ensure it’ll fit.
- ChromeOS’s keyboard shortcuts deviate some from those in Windows, though if your laptop is on the compatible devices list, the Function keys should work as labeled. The full list on the Chromebook help site will get you up to speed quickly.
Editor’s Note: This story originally published on 8/24/2020 and was last updated in September 2022 with current instructions for installing ChromeOS Flex, the successor to CloudReady after Google’s acquisition of Neverware.
